RESUMO
Tanto el proceso de obtención del gas de hulla como los fenómenos eléctricos fueron estudiados de una forma metódica a partir del siglo XVIII. Pero, fue a principio del siglo siguiente que el gas empezó a utilizarse en el alumbrado, y años después, en desarrollar trabajo mecánico, o en calentar fluidos. En el último tercio del siglo, el desarrollo de la electricidad fue sustituyendo algunas de las aplicaciones que proporcionaba el gas. Este proceso quedó reflejado en una gran cantidad de escritos y publicaciones que difundieron los nuevos conceptos y las formas de obtención y de utilización de estas fuentes. En este artículo mostramos los resultados de un estudio cuantitativo de los artículos sobre gas y electricidad en la literatura industrial en un periodo en que los caminos de ambas fuentes empezaban a divergir. Como ejemplo nos detenemos también en dos casos concretos: algunos procedimientos alternativos de producción de gas y el auge de la electricidad.(AU)
Both the process of obtaining coal gas and electrical phenomena were studied in a methodical way from the eighteenth century. But it was at the beginning of the following century that gas began to be used in lighting, and years later, in developing mechanical work, or in heating fluids. In the last third of the century, the development of electricity was replacing some of the applications that gas provided. This process was reflected in many writings and publications that spread the new concepts and the ways of obtaining and using these sources. In this article we show the results of a quantitative study of the articles on gas and electricity in the industrial literature in a period when the paths of both sources were beginning to diverge. As an example, we also look at two specific cases: some alternative gas production procedures and the electricity boom.(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , Gás Natural , Eletricidade/história , Indústria de Petróleo e Gás/história , Transferência de Tecnologia , Espanha , França , 24960RESUMO
John J. McKetta, Jr. is a foundational figure in chemical engineering education and energy policy in the United States. An authority on the thermodynamic properties of hydrocarbons and an energy adviser to several US presidents, McKetta helped to educate and mentor thousands of students at the University of Texas at Austin for over 40 years, many of whom became leading figures in the energy and petrochemical industries, as well as in academia. As dean of the College of Engineering, McKetta helped to establish a bioengineering program, which later became the Biomedical Engineering Department, at the University of Texas at Austin, and was a tireless advocate for excellence and a focus on the student. At age 100, McKetta recalls the challenges and opportunities he faced in childhood, his memories of the emergence of petrochemical engineering, and his views on chemical engineering education and the people it has impacted in the United States over the past 100 years.
Assuntos
Bioengenharia/educação , Engenharia Biomédica/educação , Engenharia Química/educação , Bioengenharia/história , Engenharia Biomédica/história , Engenharia Química/história , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Hidrocarbonetos/análise , Liderança , Indústria de Petróleo e Gás/educação , Indústria de Petróleo e Gás/história , Petróleo/análise , Texas , Estados Unidos , UniversidadesRESUMO
Recent large-scale development of oil and gas from low-permeability unconventional formations (e.g., shales, tight sands, and coal seams) has raised concern about potential environmental impacts. If left improperly sealed, legacy oil and gas wells colocated with that new development represent a potential pathway for unwanted migration of fluids (brine, drilling and stimulation fluids, oil, and gas). Uncertainty in the number, location, and abandonment state of legacy wells hinders environmental assessment of exploration and production activity. The objective of this study is to apply publicly available information on Pennsylvania oil and gas wells to better understand their potential to serve as pathways for unwanted fluid migration. This study presents a synthesis of historical reports and digital well records to provide insights into spatial and temporal trends in oil and gas development. Areas with a higher density of wells abandoned prior to the mid-20th century, when more modern well-sealing requirements took effect in Pennsylvania, and areas where conventional oil and gas production penetrated to or through intervals that may be affected by new Marcellus shale development are identified. This information may help to address questions of environmental risk related to new extraction activities.
Assuntos
Meio Ambiente , Campos de Petróleo e Gás , Indústria de Petróleo e Gás/história , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Indústria de Petróleo e Gás/tendências , Pennsylvania , Análise Espaço-Temporal , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análiseRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Lead smelter/refinery workers in the US have had significant exposure to lead and are an important occupational group to study to understand the health effects of chronic lead exposure in adults. Recent research found evidence that studies of lead smelter/refinery workers have been conducted but not published. This paper presents further evidence for this contention. OBJECTIVES: To present further evidence of industry conducted, unpublished epidemiologic studies of lead smelter/refinery workers and health outcomes. METHODS: Historical research relying on primary sources such as internal industry documents and published studies. RESULTS: ASARCO smelter/refinery workers were studied in the early 1980s and found to have increased risk of lung cancer and stroke in one study, but not in another. CONCLUSIONS: Because occupational lead exposure is an on-going concern for US and overseas workers, all epidemiologic studies should be made available to evaluate and update occupational health and safety standards.
Assuntos
Poluentes Ocupacionais do Ar/efeitos adversos , Intoxicação por Chumbo/etiologia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/induzido quimicamente , Doenças Profissionais/induzido quimicamente , Exposição Ocupacional/efeitos adversos , Indústria de Petróleo e Gás/história , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Poluentes Ocupacionais do Ar/história , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Lactente , Intoxicação por Chumbo/epidemiologia , Intoxicação por Chumbo/história , Neoplasias Pulmonares/epidemiologia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/história , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Doenças Profissionais/epidemiologia , Doenças Profissionais/história , Exposição Ocupacional/história , Publicações , Medição de Risco , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Através de narrativa ficcional, aliada a imagens reais e à linguagem dos meios de comunicação de cada época, conta a história das políticas de saúde no Brasil, mostrando como se articulou, desde 1900 até 2006, com a história política brasileira. Dentre muitos fatos históricos, são retratadas a criação das caixas e dos IAPS; a luta pela criação do SUS e seu estabelecimento em Lei, em 1988, quando a saúde passou a ser um direito do cidadão e um dever do estado; e a situação do SUS e das políticas de saúde já no século XXI.
